Examining Corrective Responses and Adaptive Responses to Formant Perturbations

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Description
The ability to detect and correct errors during and after speech production is essential for maintaining accuracy and avoiding disruption in communication. Thus, it is crucial to understand the basic mechanisms underlying how the speech-motor system evaluates different errors and…

The ability to detect and correct errors during and after speech production is essential for maintaining accuracy and avoiding disruption in communication. Thus, it is crucial to understand the basic mechanisms underlying how the speech-motor system evaluates different errors and correspondingly corrects them. This study aims to explore the impact of three different features of errors, introduced by formant perturbations, on corrective and adaptive responses: (1) magnitude of errors, (2) direction of errors, and (3) extent of exposure to errors. Participants were asked to produce the vowel /ε/ in the context of consonant-vowel-consonant words. Participant-specific formant perturbations were applied for three magnitudes of 0.5, 1, 1.5 along the /ε-æ/ line in two directions of simultaneous F1-F2 shift (i.e., shift in the ε-æ direction) and shift to outside the vowel space. Perturbations were applied randomly in a compensation paradigm, so each perturbed trial was preceded and succeeded by several unperturbed trials. It was observed that (1) corrective and adaptive responses were larger for larger magnitude errors, (2) corrective and adaptive responses were larger for errors in the /ε-æ/ direction, (3) corrective and adaptive responses were generally in the /ε-ɪ/ direction regardless of perturbation direction and magnitude, (4) corrective responses were larger for perturbations in the earlier trials of the experiment.
Date Created
2024
Agent

Exploring the Interplay of Prosody, Language Skills, and Brain Connectivity: A Stroke Resting State fMRI Study

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Description
This thesis explores the interplay of aphasia symptoms and brain connectivityusing resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The research presented here is a step towards understanding the neural basis of linguistic prosody in particular, and its relationship with language impairments…

This thesis explores the interplay of aphasia symptoms and brain connectivityusing resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The research presented here is a step towards understanding the neural basis of linguistic prosody in particular, and its relationship with language impairments in post-stroke aphasia. This study focuses on examining the functional connectivities of the frontal-parietal control network and the dorsal attention networks with specific regions within traditional language networks, as a growing body of research suggests that prosodic cues in speech may recruit control and attention networks to support language processing. Using resting- state fMRI, the present study examined the functional connectivity of the frontal parietal control and dorsal attention networks with traditional language regions in 28 participants who have experienced a stroke-related language impairment (i.e. aphasia) and 32 matched neurotypical adults. Overall, the study reveals significant functional connectivity differences of the frontoparietal control and dorsal attention networks between the stroke and control groups, indicating that individuals with aphasia have brain connectivity differences beyond the traditional language networks. Multiple regression analyses were then used to determine if functional connectivities of the frontoparietal control and dorsal attention networks within themselves and with traditional language regions could predict aphasia symptoms, as measured by the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB). Overall, the regression results indicate that greater functional connectivity between the frontoparietal control and dorsal attention networks with traditional language regions is associated with improved language abilities, with different connectivities predicting different types of aphasia symptoms (e.g. speech, naming / word finding, auditory comprehension, overall impairment). Altogether this study contributes to the understanding of the neural bases of language impairments post-stroke, highlighting the intricate connections between language and other cognitive networks, which may be mediated by prosody.
Date Created
2024
Agent

Functional Connectivity in Internally and Externally Oriented Networks: A Resting-State Corpus Callosum Agenesis Study

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Description
The corpus callosum is a core white matter structure that sits at the center of the brain, playing a role in both interhemispheric communication and the inhibition of hemispheric activity to promote lateralization. Structural connectivity is thought to underlie functional…

The corpus callosum is a core white matter structure that sits at the center of the brain, playing a role in both interhemispheric communication and the inhibition of hemispheric activity to promote lateralization. Structural connectivity is thought to underlie functional connectivity (FC), but cases of structural brain abnormalities allow for a better understanding of this relationship. Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a condition in which an individual is born without a corpus callosum. These individuals provide a unique opportunity to investigate ways in which the brain adapts its functional organization to the lack of interhemispheric structural connectivity, thereby providing unique insights into brain network organization within and between the two cerebral hemispheres. The present study uses resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare the network connectivity of an individual with AgCC without any significant comorbidities to a control group of neurotypical adults (n=30). Potential differences of FC within the default mode network and frontoparietal network, as well as FC between these networks and bilateral language networks were examined. The AgCC individual displayed significantly higher FC within the frontoparietal network (t(29)=1.84, p<0.05) and significantly lower FC between the default mode network and the right ventral language stream (t(29)=-1.81, p<0.05) compared to the control group. Further analyses suggest that the right hemisphere’s frontoparietal network is driving the significant difference between the case study and control group in the frontoparietal network. The stronger FC of the frontoparietal network may represent a compensatory strategy used to support lower overall levels of default mode network and dual stream language network connectivity. Overall, the findings suggest that decreased interhemispheric structural connectivity may lead to increased compensation via attention networks such as the frontoparietal network, and decreased right hemisphere language network involvement.
Date Created
2023
Agent

Investigating the Presence of Impulse Control Disorders in Adults with Aphasia

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Description
Previous research of impulse control disorders, common in adults with a diagnosis of Parkinson’s, were reviewed to determine possible links between impulse control disorders in in adults with aphasia. Aphasia is a disorder often caused by a stroke that can…

Previous research of impulse control disorders, common in adults with a diagnosis of Parkinson’s, were reviewed to determine possible links between impulse control disorders in in adults with aphasia. Aphasia is a disorder often caused by a stroke that can impact speech and language both receptively and expressively. Impulse control disorders (ICDs) (i.e., pathological gambling, hypersexuality, compulsive eating and shopping, etc.) have drastic consequences and can cause harm to the individual affected as well as their caregivers and family. This study sought to identify if symptoms of ICDs are prevalent in adults with aphasia by utilizing self-report surveys and a Go/No-Go impulsivity computer task. The findings of this study indicate that some impulsive factors are significantly heightened in adults who have had a stroke when compared to healthy same-age peers and that these differences are perhaps best captured by the self-report surveys. Despite a large amount of literature on the impact of stroke and quality of life, this area of impulse control has remained largely unexplored. Further investigation is warranted for the prevalence of impulse control disorders in adults with aphasia, however, this study is a step forward into understanding how aphasia and stroke affect the quality of life of those impacted.
Date Created
2023
Agent

MRtrix3 Pipeline Development for Processing Diffusion Weighted Images in Aging in Autism Study

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Description
Diffusion weighted imaging utilizes magnetic resonance imaging to capture white matter tracts in the brain. Many studies have utilized this technique to measure white matter structures looking for evidence of anatomical and physiological differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Parkinsonian-like…

Diffusion weighted imaging utilizes magnetic resonance imaging to capture white matter tracts in the brain. Many studies have utilized this technique to measure white matter structures looking for evidence of anatomical and physiological differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Parkinsonian-like symptoms have been documented and self-reported in aging autistic individuals, opening up questions about a possible link between ASD and an increased risk of Parkinson’s Disease. Utilizing MRtrix3, an image processing proof-of-concept pipeline was developed for the Autism and Brain Aging (ABA) lab to generate and visualize the brain’s structural connectivity network in these populations of interest. The pipeline provides the opportunity for white matter tractography analysis in the lab’s Aging in Autism study.
Date Created
2023
Agent

APOE ɛ4-allele in Older Adults with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder: Associations with Verbal Learning and Memory

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Description
ABSTRACTAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with social communication challenges and restrictive and repetitive behaviors [2]. Despite known lifelong challenges, understanding of cognitive and brain aging with ASD is lacking. Middle-aged adults with ASD have a higher…

ABSTRACTAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with social communication challenges and restrictive and repetitive behaviors [2]. Despite known lifelong challenges, understanding of cognitive and brain aging with ASD is lacking. Middle-aged adults with ASD have a higher chance of developing Alzheimer’s disease (Alz) and other dementias compared to neurotypical (NT) adults [12]. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid transport protein involved in neuronal repair and cholesterol transport and is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alz [22]. Others demonstrated that individuals with ASD are more likely to carry the APOE ε4-allele [21]. This study aimed to determine if the APOE ε4-allele negatively impacts verbal learning and memory in ASD compared to NT adults. Participants were intellectually able 76 middle-age and older adults (MA+) between the ages of 40-71, including 35 with ASD [mean age=53.06 (±8.91)] and 41 NT adults [mean age=53.90 (±8.44)]. APOE allelic distribution was determined from salivary samples via polymerase chain reaction amplification and genotyped on a tapestation. The Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) variables were short-term memory, long-term memory, and total learning. There was a main effect of APOE ε4 for short-term memory and verbal learning, with ε4 carriers performing worse across diagnosis groups. For verbal learning, sex was a significant predictor. So, exploratory analyses separating diagnosis groups by sex were conducted. Only males with ASD were found to be carrying APOE ε4 associated with reduced verbal learning (p=0.02). Finally, the APOE ε4-allele did not significantly affect the participants’ long-term memory. These findings suggest that the APOE ε4-allele negatively impacts short-term memory and verbal learning in MA+ adults, and that autistic men may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of APOE ε4 on verbal learning. This study is the first to incorporate ASD in APOE’s association with cognition and investigate how sex differences impact memory function. Future research is needed to replicate these findings using a larger sample size to further understand how the ε4-allele affects memory function trajectories in MA+ ASD as they grow older.
Date Created
2023
Agent

Does training in the upper extremity domain with startle translate to the speech domain post-stroke?

Description

The aim of this study was to assess whether exposing individuals who are 6-month post-stroke with an upper extremity motor deficit and some form of speech impairment (aphasia and/or apraxia) to upper extremity training utilizing Startle Adjuvant Rehabilitation Therapy (START)…

The aim of this study was to assess whether exposing individuals who are 6-month post-stroke with an upper extremity motor deficit and some form of speech impairment (aphasia and/or apraxia) to upper extremity training utilizing Startle Adjuvant Rehabilitation Therapy (START) would result in improvement in symptoms of speech impairment. It was hypothesized that while scores on Diadochokinetic Rate (a measure of apraxia) and Repetition (a measure of aphasia) would improve by timepoint with START as compared to the Control group, measures of aphasia including Spontaneous Speech, Auditory Verbal Comprehension, and Naming would not be different in scores by timepoint. Subjects were recruited from two separate ongoing studies consisting of three days of similar upper extremity training on certain functional tasks with and without START and the speech assessments utilized were pulled from the Western Aphasia Battery (Revised) and Apraxia Battery for Adults 2nd Edition. It was found that there were no statistically significant differences by timepoint in either condition for any of the speech assessments. This proof-of-concept study is the first to assess whether the StartReact effect, when applied to the upper extremity domain, will translate into measurable improvements in speech impairment despite the lack of any speech training.

Date Created
2023-05
Agent

Pact: A Virtual Reality Rehabilitation Game for Individuals with Aphasia

Description

Aphasia is an impairment that affects many different aspects of language and makes it more difficult for a person to communicate with those around them. Treatment for aphasia is often administered by a speech-language pathologist in a clinical setting, but…

Aphasia is an impairment that affects many different aspects of language and makes it more difficult for a person to communicate with those around them. Treatment for aphasia is often administered by a speech-language pathologist in a clinical setting, but researchers have recently begun exploring the potential of virtual reality (VR) interventions. VR provides an immersive environment and can allow multiple users to interact with digitized content. This exploratory paper proposes the design of a VR rehabilitation game –called Pact– for adults with aphasia that aims to improve the word-finding and picture-naming abilities of users to improve communication skills. Additionally, a study is proposed that will assess how well Pact improves the word-finding and picture-naming abilities of users when it is used in conjunction with speech therapy. If the results of the study show an increase in word-finding and picture-naming scores compared to the control group (patients receiving traditional speech therapy alone), the results would indicate that Pact can achieve its goal of promoting improvement in these domains. There is a further need to examine VR interventions for aphasia, particularly with larger sample sizes that explore the gains associated with or design issues associated with multi-user VR programs.

Date Created
2023-05
Agent

Auditory Evoked Potentials as a Window into Word Learning in Dyslexia: Mismatch Negativity, Response Time and Accuracy, and Associated Language Deficits

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Description
Objective: Previous studies have observed that adults with dyslexia display a reduced N1 gating when exposed to repetitive stimuli. Robust gating is associated with the ability to recognize familiar stimuli and identify the stimuli that will need novel memory representations…

Objective: Previous studies have observed that adults with dyslexia display a reduced N1 gating when exposed to repetitive stimuli. Robust gating is associated with the ability to recognize familiar stimuli and identify the stimuli that will need novel memory representations formed. This study investigates if the mismatch negativity component in electroencephalographic-produced Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) is affected as well by diminished memory forming in adults with dyslexia. Additionally, signal/ noise processing for auditory-based memory recollection and thus word learning is explored. Methods: Nineteen adults with dyslexia and 18 adult controls participated in a classic auditory oddball electroencephalographic experiment here referred to as DIFF, to indicate that the tones differed in frequency, while incorporating a decision-making task that signified participant tonal discrimination. Mismatch Negativity (MMN) amplitudes (AMPs) and latencies were collected from ERPs. Behavioral data consisting of reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) of tone choice were documented. Results: Group differences for accuracy and reaction time in the DIFF task were highly significant. The dyslexic group produced longer reaction times and with less accuracy than the control group. The Mismatch Negativity amplitude and latency collected did not differ significantly between groups, however, correlations to other variables obtained from similar studies consisting of the same participant group were observed. Linear regression models indicated predictions for accuracy and reaction time results based upon WID scores (Word Identification Test) and SWE scores (Sight Word Efficiency) respectfully. Conclusions: Neural processing speed and the ability to form permanent memory representations of auditory sound bites for retrieval is dampened in dyslexic populations. Significance: To better illuminate and understand the neural mechanisms of dyslexia, specifically auditory processing, with the goal of improving outcomes in individuals with dyslexia through more efficient therapy treatment options.
Date Created
2022
Agent

New Approaches to Characterizing Brain-Based Sex Differences in Autism: Insights into the Autism Sex Bias

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Description
Autism shows a pronounced and replicable sex bias with approximately three-to-four males diagnosed for every one female. Sex-related biology is thought to play a role in the sex bias, such that female biology may be protective and/or male biology may…

Autism shows a pronounced and replicable sex bias with approximately three-to-four males diagnosed for every one female. Sex-related biology is thought to play a role in the sex bias, such that female biology may be protective and/or male biology may increase vulnerability to autism in the context of similar genetic risk. Beyond etiology, sex-related biology has also been implicated in lifespan risk for health and psychiatric conditions that show common co-morbidity in autism. Thus, understanding how sex-related biology impacts autism etiology and progression has important implications for prognosis and treatment. Neuroimaging offers a powerful tool for in-vivo characterization of brain-based sex differences in autism, especially given emerging efforts to develop large, well-characterized longitudinal samples. To date, however, neuroimaging studies have shown mixed and inconsistent findings, which remain challenging to integrate in the broader literature context. In a recent systematic review of neuroimaging studies of typical sex differences, few to no replicable effects were found beyond brain size, suggesting the brain is not “sexually dimorphic.” Instead, it is argued that the brain is a “mosaic” of features from various sources, including masculine and feminine biological processes as well as individual genetics and environment. Thus, designing neuroimaging studies that are sensitive to brain-based sex differences in autism likely requires careful study design and analytical method selection. Through a series of studies, the overarching dissertation aim was to identify optimal methods for characterizing neuroimaging-based sex differences in autism and to test these methods in preliminary samples. Study 1 comprised a systematic review of studies examining neuroimaging-based sex differences in autism with the aim of identifying optimal study designs, neuroimaging modalities, and analytical methods. Study 2 focused on examining the sensitivity of a connectome-wide approach to identify functional connectivity hubs underlying sex-biased behavior associated with autism (e.g., camouflaging). Study 3 used a connectome-wide functional connectivity approach to characterize sex differences in longitudinal changes associated with autistic traits vs. categorical diagnosis. These studies suggest that optimizing study design and methods improves identification of biologically plausible and clinically meaningful brain sex differences in autism. The relevance of findings to etiology and prognosis are discussed.
Date Created
2022
Agent
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