Late first row transitional metals have attracted attention for the development of sustainable catalysts due to their low cost and natural abundance. This dissertation discusses the utilization of redox-active ligands to overcome one electron redox processes exhibited by these base metals. Previous advances in carbonyl and carboxylate hydrosilylation using redox active ligand-supported complexes such as (Ph2PPrPDI)Mn and (Ph2PPrDI)Ni have been reviewed in this thesis to set the stage for the experimental work described herein.The synthesis and electronic structure of late first row transition metal complexes featuring the Ph2PPrPDI chelate was pursued. Utilizing these complexes as catalysts for a variety of reactions gave a recurring trend in catalytic activity. DFT calculations suggest that the trend in activity observed for these complexes is associated with the ease of phosphine arm dissociation. Furthermore, the synthesis and characterization of a phosphine-substituted aryl diimine ligand, Ph2PPrADI-H was explored. Addition of Ph2PPrADI-H to CoCl2 resulted in C-H activation of the ligand backbone and formation of [(Ph2PPrADI)CoCl][Co2Cl6]0.5. Reduction of [(Ph2PPrADI)CoCl][Co2Cl6]0.5 afforded the precatalyst, (Ph2PPrADI)Co, that was found to effectively catalyze carbonyl hydrosilylation. At low catalyst loading, TOFs of up to 330 s-1 could be achieved, the highest ever reported for metal-catalyzed carbonyl hydrosilylation. This dissertation also reports the first cobalt catalyzed pathway for dehydrocoupling diamines or polyamines with polymethylhydrosiloxanes to form crosslinked copolymers. At low catalyst loading, (Ph2PPrADI)Co was found to catalyze the dehydrocoupling of 1,3-diaminopropane and TMS-terminated PMHS with TOFs of up to 157 s-1, the highest TOF ever reported for a Si-N dehydrocoupling reaction. Dehydrocoupling of diamines with hydride-terminated polydimethylsiloxane yielded linear diamine siloxane copolymers as oils. Finally, dehydrocoupling between diamines and organosilanes catalyzed by a manganese dimer complex, [(2,6-iPr2PhBDI)Mn(μ-H)]2, has allowed for the preparation of silane diamine copolymers. Exceptional solvent absorption capacity was demonstrated by the solid networks, which were found to absorb up to 7 times their own weight. Furthermore, degradation of these networks revealed that their Si-N backbones are easily hydrolysable when exposed to air. The use of lightly crosslinked copolymers as coatings was also studied using SEM analysis.

Surface modification of (semi)conducting materials with polymers provides a strategy for interfacing electrodes with electrocatalysts for reactions of industrial importance. The resulting constructs create opportunities to capture, convert and store solar energy in the form of chemical bonds, generating solar fuels. This thesis describes III-V semiconductors, modified with molecular catalysts embedded in thin-film polymeric coatings. Overarching goals of this work include building protein-like, soft-material environments on solid-state electrode surfaces. This approach enables coordination of earth-abundant metal centers within the three-dimensional molecular coatings to modulate the electronic and catalytic properties of the overall assembly and provide assemblies for studying the effects of polymeric-encapsulation on electrocatalytic as well as photoelectrosynthetic performance. In summary, this work provides 1) new approaches to designing, interfacing, and characterizing (semi)conducting and catalytic materials to effectively power chemical transformations (including hydrogen evolution and carbon dioxide reduction), and 2) kinetic models for better understanding the structure-function relationships governing the performance of these assemblies.

Metalloporphyrins represent a class of molecular electrocatalysts for driving energy relevant half-reactions, including hydrogen evolution and carbon dioxide reduction. As electrocatalysts, they provide a strategy, and potential structural component, for linking renewable energy sources with the production of fuels and other value-added chemicals. In this work, porphyrins are used as structural motifs for exploring structure-function relationships in electrocatalysis and as molecular building blocks for assembling photoelectrochemical assemblies leveraging the light capture and conversion properties of a gallium phosphide (GaP) semiconductor. These concepts are further covered in Chapter 1. A direct one-step method to chemically graft metalloporphyrins to GaP surfaces is described in Chapter 2. Structural characterization of the hybrid assemblies is achieved using surface-sensitive spectroscopic methods, and functional performance for photoinduced hydrogen production is demonstrated via three-electrode electrochemical measurement combined with product analysis using gas chromatography. In Chapter 3, preparation of a novel cobalt porphyrin modified with 3-fluorophenyl groups at all four meso-positions of the porphyrin ring and a single 4-vinylphenyl surface attachment group at one of the β-positions is described. Electrochemical measurements show the 3-fluorophenyl groups perturb the reduction potentials of the complex to more positive values as compared to non-fluorinated analogs, illustrating synthetic control over the redox properties of the catalysts. The use of grazing angle attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to characterize chemically modified GaP surfaces containing grafted cobalt fluoro-porphyrins is presented in Chapter 4. In these hybrid constructs, porphyrin surface attachment is achieved using either a two-step method involving coordination of cobalt fluoro-porphyrin metal centers to nitrogen sites on an initially applied thin-film polypyridyl surface coating, or via a direct modification strategy using a cobalt fluoro-porphyrin precursor bearing a covalently bonded 4- vinylphenyl surface attachment group. Finally, Chapter 5 describes binuclear copper porphyrins in which two copper porphyrin macrocycles are doubly fused at the meso-β positions are shown to be active electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. The enhancement in catalytic performance over analogous non-fused copper porphyrins indicates extended macrocycles provide an advantageous structural motif and design element for preparing electrocatalysts that activate small molecules of consequence to renewable energy.

The molecular modification of semiconductors has applications in energy

conversion and storage, including artificial photosynthesis. In nature, the active sites of

enzymes are typically earth-abundant metal centers and the protein provides a unique

three-dimensional environment for effecting catalytic transformations. Inspired by this

biological architecture, a synthetic methodology using surface-grafted polymers with

discrete chemical recognition sites for assembling human-engineered catalysts in three-dimensional

environments is presented. The use of polymeric coatings to interface cobalt-containing

catalysts with semiconductors for solar fuel production is introduced in

Chapter 1. The following three chapters demonstrate the versatility of this modular

approach to interface cobalt-containing catalysts with semiconductors for solar fuel

production. The catalyst-containing coatings are characterized through a suite of

spectroscopic techniques, including ellipsometry, grazing angle attenuated total reflection

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GATR-FTIR) and x-ray photoelectron (XP)

spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the polymeric interface can be varied to control the

surface chemistry and photoelectrochemical response of gallium phosphide (GaP) (100)

electrodes by using thin-film coatings comprising surface-immobilized pyridyl or

imidazole ligands to coordinate cobaloximes, known catalysts for hydrogen evolution.

The polymer grafting chemistry and subsequent cobaloxime attachment is applicable to

both the (111)A and (111)B crystal face of the gallium phosphide (GaP) semiconductor,

providing insights into the surface connectivity of the hard/soft matter interface and

demonstrating the applicability of the UV-induced immobilization of vinyl monomers to

a range of GaP crystal indices. Finally, thin-film polypyridine surface coatings provide a

molecular interface to assemble cobalt porphyrin catalysts for hydrogen evolution onto

GaP. In all constructs, photoelectrochemical measurements confirm the hybrid

photocathode uses solar energy to power reductive fuel-forming transformations in

aqueous solutions without the use of organic acids, sacrificial chemical reductants, or

electrochemical forward biasing.

Genetically encoded non-canonical amino acids (NCAAs) have allowed researchers to access functionalities that would be otherwise unavailable with the naturally-occurring amino acids. The metal-chelating NCAA (2,2'-bipyridin-5yl)alanine (Bpy-ala) has recently been employed, in tandem with computational modeling, to drive the assembly of a homotrimeric protein complex in the presence of a metal ion, specifically Fe(II). While a successful design was identified to form a homotrimeric complex with an iron-trisbipyridyl [Fe(Bpy-ala)3]2+ core when expressed in E. coli, its subsequent utility was marred by an excessively strong protein-protein interaction thus leading to a lack of metal-dependency. This thesis describes principles of protein design and characterization used to reduce the favorability of the apo protein complex in solution, resulting in the experimental verification of a mutant that undergoes facile, reversible complex assembly and disassembly in the presence or absence of Fe(II), respectively. The addition of other metal ions, such as Co(II) or Ni(II), yields products that show some level of assembly, although not with the same efficiency as Fe(II) addition, necessitating a better description of the energetics and kinetics of the system. Current studies are ongoing to examine the redox properties of the complex, as well as the kinetics of the metal-mediated self-assembly. Attempts to nucleate the trimer with Ru(II), forming a [Ru(Bpy)3]2+ complex with its interesting photophysical, photochemical, and photoredox properties, have not been met with substantial success, as coordination of the low-spin d6 metal ion often requires harsh conditions. However, due to the unique stability of the TRI_05 complexes, many approaches are available to this end, and experiments are underway to elucidate the proper conditions.