Circumlocution in Children: A Meta-analysis of the Current Literature

Description
This extended literature review investigated the current literature on circumlocution in children. Twelve sources were categorized into the following four themes: objects and actions, typical development and atypical development, bilingual, bilectal, and monolingual children, and picture naming and other research…

This extended literature review investigated the current literature on circumlocution in children. Twelve sources were categorized into the following four themes: objects and actions, typical development and atypical development, bilingual, bilectal, and monolingual children, and picture naming and other research methods. It was found children circumlocute more for actions than they do objects, but not in all circumstances. Additionally, children of atypical development will always circumlocute more than children of typical development. Monolingual children will circumlocute more than bilingual children on average. Lastly, picture naming is the most prominent method used by researchers who write about circumlocution in children. Circumlocution is commonly categorized as a language error, but studies within this review show its potential as a strategy to continue conversing when preferable words or phrases are not available.
Date Created
2024-05
Agent

Exploring the Connection Between Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder, Speech Errors of /s/
and /z/, and Auditory Perception Skills

Description
Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder (OMD) is defined as “abnormal movement patterns of the face and mouth” by ASHA (2023). OMD leads to anterior carriage of the tongue, open mouth posture, mouth breathing, and tongue thrust swallow. Dentalization speech errors of /s/ and /z/ are…

Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder (OMD) is defined as “abnormal movement patterns of the face and mouth” by ASHA (2023). OMD leads to anterior carriage of the tongue, open mouth posture, mouth breathing, and tongue thrust swallow. Dentalization speech errors of /s/ and /z/ are also known to be caused by low and forward position of the tongue (Wadsworth, Maui, & Stevens, 1998). This study used the OMES-E protocol to identify 10 out of 40 participants with OMD. A cut-off below 80% accuracy for the production of /s/ and /z/ sounds classified 6 out of 40 participants with speech errors. Then, a correlation was run between speech score and OMD classification; it was not significant. This raises the question, why do some people with OMD have moderate to severe speech errors of /s/ and /z/, and some who have OMD do not? This study aims to explore this question beyond the motor modality. Using an auditory perception paradigm, the first and second formants of the vowel /ɛ/ were shifted to approximate /æ/. The participant’s responses and compensations to these shifts were recorded in real time. Results of this perceptual test could suggest that perceptual/compensatory differences may explain why some people in the OMD population have speech errors and some do not.
Date Created
2023-12
Agent

Exploring the Relationship Between Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder and Speech Production Errors of /s/ and /z/

165557-Thumbnail Image.png
Description

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between orofacial myofunctional disorder (OMD) and speech production errors of /s/ and /z/. A randomized sample of 32 college-aged participants was analyzed to determine OMD prevalence. Further recruitment took place…

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between orofacial myofunctional disorder (OMD) and speech production errors of /s/ and /z/. A randomized sample of 32 college-aged participants was analyzed to determine OMD prevalence. Further recruitment took place for those that had current speech errors or had a history of speech therapy, totaling 39 participants (ages 18-36). Subjects participated in an evaluation (ranging from 0:18:27 to 0:30:08) where OMD classification was determined through the validated 2010 Expanded Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores protocol (OMES-E), and speech production errors were assessed through spontaneous speech and a reading sample. Through a descriptive analysis of the first 32 participants, greater prevalence of OMD was seen in participants who exhibited moderate to severe speech errors than those with mild/subclinical and no speech errors. Results from the 39 participants indicated a significant correlation between OMD classification and speech errors. Further analysis showed speech errors were significantly correlated with the OMES-E subtests of physical features/posture and mobility. Results suggest that OMD may be a contributing factor to persistent speech errors in college-aged students. Further research may indicate that OMD characteristics need to be treated alongside speech sound disorders to aid in successful remediation of speech errors in individuals who exhibit both OMD and speech errors.

Date Created
2022-05
Agent

A Comparison of Central Executive Function in Children with Typical Development Who Do or Do Not Have ADHD

164558-Thumbnail Image.png
Description
This study was originally designed to assess the relationship between central executive function and the symptoms of ADHD. To quantify this relationship, the performance of two second graders with typical development (TD) who were also diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity…

This study was originally designed to assess the relationship between central executive function and the symptoms of ADHD. To quantify this relationship, the performance of two second graders with typical development (TD) who were also diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were to be compared to peers with TD but no ADHD. Due to recruitment difficulties, only two participants with ADHD were enrolled. Participants completed four executive function tasks from the Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children-Working Memory (CABC-WM; Alt, Brinkley, Cabbage, Cowan, Gray, Green, Hogan & Kuo, 2017) including repetition detection auditory and visual and number updating auditory and visual. No concrete results could be made for this study due to only having two participants, however, there are many considerations that can be made due to the completion of this study. The discussion considers how children with ADHD may struggle in school and at home. This study was unable to reach the number of desired participants (5), however, a discussion can be had about the importance of the study and what was learned regarding the research study from this study as well.
Date Created
2022-05
Agent

Predicting /r/ Acquisition: A Longitudinal Analysis Using Signal Processing

148204-Thumbnail Image.png
Description

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to predict /r/ acquisition using acoustic signal processing. 19 children, aged 5-7 with inaccurate /r/, were followed until they turned 8 or acquired /r/, whichever came first. Acoustic and descriptive data from 14…

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to predict /r/ acquisition using acoustic signal processing. 19 children, aged 5-7 with inaccurate /r/, were followed until they turned 8 or acquired /r/, whichever came first. Acoustic and descriptive data from 14 participants were analyzed. The remaining 5 children continued to be followed. The study analyzed differences in spectral energy at the baseline acoustic signals of participants who eventually acquired /r/ compared to that of those who did not acquire /r/. Results indicated significant differences between groups in the baseline signals for vocalic and postvocalic /r/, suggesting that the acquisition of certain allophones may be predictable. Participants’ articulatory changes made during the progression of acquisition were also analyzed spectrally. A retrospective analysis described the pattern in which /r/ allophones were acquired, proposing that vocalic /r/ and the postvocalic variant of consonantal /r/ may be acquired prior to prevocalic /r/, and /r/ followed by low vowels may be acquired before /r/ followed by high vowels, although individual variations exist.

Date Created
2021-05
Agent

Biomarkers of Familial Speech Sound Disorders: Genes, Perception, and Motor Control

158859-Thumbnail Image.png
Description
Speech sound disorders (SSDs) are the most prevalent type of communication disorder in children. Clinically, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) rely on behavioral methods for assessing and treating SSDs. Though clients typically experience improved speech outcomes as a result of…

Speech sound disorders (SSDs) are the most prevalent type of communication disorder in children. Clinically, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) rely on behavioral methods for assessing and treating SSDs. Though clients typically experience improved speech outcomes as a result of therapy, there is evidence that underlying deficits may persist even in individuals who have completed treatment for surface-level speech behaviors. Advances in the field of genetics have created the opportunity to investigate the contribution of genes to human communication. Due to the heterogeneity of many communication disorders, the manner in which specific genetic changes influence neural mechanisms, and thereby behavioral phenotypes, remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify genotype-phenotype associations, along with perceptual, and motor-related biomarkers within families displaying SSDs. Five parent-child trios participated in genetic testing, and five families participated in a combination of genetic and behavioral testing to help elucidate biomarkers related to SSDs. All of the affected individuals had a history of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) except for one family that displayed a phonological disorder. Genetic investigation yielded several genes of interest relevant for an SSD phenotype: CNTNAP2, CYFIP1, GPR56, HERC1, KIAA0556, LAMA5, LAMB1, MDGA2, MECP2, NBEA, SHANK3, TENM3, and ZNF142. All of these genes showed at least some expression in the developing brain. Gene ontology analysis yielded terms supporting a genetic influence on central nervous system development. Behavioral testing revealed evidence of a sequential processing biomarker for all individuals with CAS, with many showing deficits in sequential motor skills in addition to speech deficits. In some families, participants also showed evidence of a co-occurring perceptual processing biomarker. The family displaying a phonological phenotype showed milder sequential processing deficits compared to CAS families. Overall, this study supports the presence of a sequential processing biomarker for CAS and shows that relevant genes of interest may be influencing a CAS phenotype via sequential processing. Knowledge of these biomarkers can help strengthen precision of clinical assessment and motivate development of novel interventions for individuals with SSDs.
Date Created
2020
Agent

The Development of Expressive Past Tense in Children Learning English as a Second Language

131035-Thumbnail Image.png
Description
Research regarding typical English language development in children who are bilingual is of interest for speech-language pathologists, but often this information is not available to them. As a result, many individuals find themselves believing false stereotypes about children who are…

Research regarding typical English language development in children who are bilingual is of interest for speech-language pathologists, but often this information is not available to them. As a result, many individuals find themselves believing false stereotypes about children who are bilingual, such as the idea that bilingualism causes developmental delay or disorders. For example, individuals do not realize the differences in past tense development for bilingual children versus monolingual children, a form that is often difficult for monolingual English-speaking children with developmental language delays. By focusing on a specific aspect of language development, such as English past tense acquisition of children who are bilingual, and observing changes in MLU and grammaticality that accompany acquisition, this study seeks to increase the existing knowledge on bilingualism and language development. Specifically, we will answer the following questions: a) At which grade level do Spanish-English bilingual children master English past tense after they enter English-only schooling in preschool? b) What types of errors do the children make with regular past tense? c) what types of errors do they make with irregular past tense? and d) What is the level of English grammaticality and MLUw at each grade level in English after children enter preschool? This study examined past-tense accuracy, MLU, and grammaticality development over a period of 5 years, in 13 children who were participants in a larger project called the Language and Reading Research Consortium (LARRC). Children were followed from preschool to third grade. They provided a yearly language sample by retelling one of the wordless Marianna Meyer and Mercer Meyer frog books, such as Frog on His Own or A Boy a Dog a Frog and a Friend. The language samples were then transcribed, coded, and analyzed using the Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT) software. Results indicate that children progressively improved over the years, with children reaching over 80% accuracy with past tense by year 3 or first grade; they demonstrated the most improvement in MLU between years 2 to 3 and years 3 to 4; and they showed a gradual improvement in grammaticality each year, with the exception of no increase between years 4 to 5. Findings from the study indicate that there is leveling in all three areas after 2nd grade. These results contribute to our understanding of normal English language development in bilingual children and may improve assessment when we evaluate their performance in English as a second language.
Date Created
2020-12
Agent

Using Acoustic Analysis to Identify Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder in Speakers

131325-Thumbnail Image.png
Description
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between acoustic indicators in speech and the presence of orofacial myofunctional disorder (OMD). This study analyzed the first and second formant frequencies (F1 and F2) of the four corner vowels…

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between acoustic indicators in speech and the presence of orofacial myofunctional disorder (OMD). This study analyzed the first and second formant frequencies (F1 and F2) of the four corner vowels [/i/, /u/, /æ/ and /ɑ/] found in the spontaneous speech of thirty participants. It was predicted that speakers with orofacial myofunctional disorder would have a raised F1 and F2 because of habitual low and anterior tongue positioning. This study concluded no significant statistical differences in the formant frequencies. Further inspection of the total vowel space area of the OMD speakers suggested that OMD speakers had a smaller, more centralized vowel space. We concluded that more study of the total vowel space area for OMD speakers is warranted.
Date Created
2020-05
Agent
Subscribe to Weinhold, Juliet