Prerequisite courses are classes taken by individuals during their undergraduate career. For the majority, prerequisite courses lay a foundation for future classes that could either expand on the topics already covered or go into further detail (Sato, et al. 2017). More specifically, individuals who are interested in pursuing a career as a veterinarian are required to take certain prerequisites before applying to veterinary school. These prerequisites include General Chemistry, General Biology, General Physics, Microbiology, Genetics, Animal Physiology, Calculus, Organic Chemistry, English, Biochemistry, and Statistics (VMCAS). Looking in more detail, two groups of veterinarians, those who specialize and those who do not, will further exhibit the importance of these courses in their daily practice. Through a series of survey questions as well as application problems pertaining to these prerequisite courses, it was revealed that 43% of all participants could not answer basic concept questions correctly. On the other hand, many participants still believed several courses should continue to be a prerequisite because of the knowledge they need in veterinary school as well as in their careers. Furthermore, there appears to be no association between specialty and daily use of prerequisite courses.

Preeclampsia is a disease that occurs during pregnancy and affects upwards of 10% of pregnancies around the world (Osungbade & Ige, 2011). African American pregnant women are particularly vulnerable and die at a disproportionate rate compared to other races. In this literature review, three research studies were analyzed to determine if African American pregnant women were included in preeclampsia Studies. Only one of the studies included in this review met all criteria by including African American pregnant women. One research study met half of the criteria; however, the authors noted that there was not enough evidence for Black Americans. The third research article also only met half of the criteria. We conclude that further studies are needed that include African American women in studies on preeclampsia.

Background: Despite a multitude of health initiatives, obesity rates in America have continued to increase yearly, with obese or overweight people making up two-thirds of the population. Due to a lack of significant results from diet and weight-loss medication, new methods of weight-loss are increasingly considered. This paper looks beyond traditional Western treatments for weight loss and will analyze views and treatments for overweight and obesity in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
Methods: Three databases were used to search for papers published after 2010 until October 2019 discussing obesity, overweight and TCM. No forms of Chinese medicine were excluded from the search. Studies were excluded if they did not meet the date criteria or if they overlapped with papers found in other databases.
Results: Six of the selected papers covered acupuncture (electro, balance or catgut embedding acupuncture methods) either jointly with other treatments or alone, one exclusively on moxibustion and three studies on three different types of TCM herbal medicine. Each study showed a statistically significant effect on body mass index (BMI) value decrease or total weight loss (TWL). The six acupuncture papers all showed statistical significance at the 95% CI against control groups (sham acupuncture or no acupuncture) and against before-treatment BMI values or TWL values.
Conclusion: Of the treatments reviewed, almost all acupuncture studies were shown to be consistently effective in treating overweight or obese individuals within this selection of studies, as well as in another meta-analysis. This may be due to acupuncture’s ties to a neuroendocrine mechanism. Future studies should further explore the neuroendocrine connection between acupuncture and weight loss. Herbal medication was also shown to have a significant effect in reducing weight in each study; however, two studies used mice or rats as subjects, therefore understanding the effects on human subjects is limited.