This linguistic landscape (LL) study investigates signs in rural border town of Farmington, New Mexico. It includes neighboring communities and towns: Waterflow, Fruitland, and Kirtland. The study is applied linguistics, more specifically linguistic landscape of rural town in Southwest United States. This field work was conducted during COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis has five sections: billboards, anchor mall retail hub, graffiti along Red Apple transit route, the historic downtown, and the COVID-19 and Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women signs. This LL study fills the gap of border town that neighbors Native American reservation. The purpose of this LL study is (1) demonstrate the presence and use of Native American language on signs, (2) capture a board environmental print and artifacts of pragmatic and functional language and semiotic usage, (3) demonstrate the mapping the context surrounding the gestalt to interpret data. The bulk of the fieldwork was complete in one semester. This LL study adopted a number of methods and strategies from LL research literature, particularly De Klerk and Wiley (2010). The significant finding include the bilingual Sweetmeat billboard (Tse’ yaa’ ak’ ahi), monolingual produce vender sign (neeshjizhii), bilingual signs (Tááshoodí slow down and Askii’s Navajo Grill), handwritten COVID-19 sign on drive-through restaurant, Japanese sign with Romanize alphabets, the Yé’ii Bicheii semiotic billboard, and the emoji billboard.

This study questioned how the Navajo Nation was going to mitigate and/or adapt

to Global Climate Change. By employing a Diné philosophy based research methodology this study seeks to holistically reframe the lens that the Navajo Nation conceptualizes Global Climate Change. The study uses a comprehensive review of literature that pertained to four research questions. The research questions are: 1) What do Diné oral histories say about climate change? 2) How is the Navajo Nation going to mitigate and adapt to changes to the climate using Western knowledge? 3) How can Diné research methodologies help inform policies that will mitigate and adapt to climate change? 4) What type of actions and frameworks can the Navajo Nation use to generate meaningful policy? The study utilizes a Diné philosophy based analytical framework to focus on how climate change will affect the Diné peoples' A) spirituality, B) economic sustainability, C) family-community, and D) home-environment. The findings are: a) the Navajo spiritual ceremonies are process models that can be used to mitigate and/or adapt to climate change, and they must continue to be practiced. b) The economic development section revealed that economic security is not found solely in resource development, but in the security of ceremonial knowledge. The burden of the Navajo government however, is not to promote labor, but the ability for people to live into old age. c) Because families and communities drive Diné philosophy, Diné families and communities must remember how to treat each other with respect. The collective survival of the Navajo Nation always depended on this teaching. d) The findings of the home-environment section is that Diné have to acknowledge that their lives are fragile in the face of global climate change, and the only way that they can live happily is to trust the power of the stories of the ancestors, and seek to embody the Diné philosophy. This study succeeded as an honest attempt to apply an Indigenous Diné methodology to reframe Global Climate Change into a phenomenon that is survivable.